台灣為高度仰賴能源進口之國家,而原油及石油產品占總能源需求比重超過49%,因此國際原油價格的上漲及波動,除影響國內油品價格水準外,亦為影響經濟發展與國民生計的重要因素,是故油品價格之調整機制為各界關注之重要議題。為使國內油品價格能即時、合理地反映原油進口成本,中油公司於民國95年9月開始實施「浮動油價機制」,惟中油公司具國營事業身分,仍須不定期地配合政府政策,實施汽柴油等油品價格緩漲或凍漲措施,以平抑台灣油品價格之波動。汽柴油價格緩、凍漲固可壓抑價格波動幅度,但亦會造成價格經濟誘因功能喪失及中油公司鉅額虧損之後遺症。所以,採行此項政策必須有詳細深入的分析與評估,方足以掌握較佳可行之實施方式。
本研究即是結合經濟理論與統計方法,就此項議題進行學術性研究,分析各種不同的油價調整機制對中油公司營收及油品價格波動的影響。詳言之,本研究利用統計分析工具與96年1月至101年8月之歷史資料,以情境模擬方式,建構油價調整之模擬程式;據此,可獲得模擬期間各種油價調整機制下之油品價格路徑及中油公司相對應之營收,從中尋求國內合理之油價調整路徑;亦即國內油價調整既可適當反映因國際油價變化造成之成本變動,讓油品價格產生經濟誘因之效果,也讓油品價格波動幅度可被控制在一定的範圍之內,減緩其對物價、國民生計及經濟發展之衝擊。
本研究模擬結果顯示,採用日調之調整頻率,並以較低幅度(60%) 反映國際指標原油價格之變動幅度,且搭配油價回補機制等,不僅有助於降低油品價格調整對於物價之影響,亦可以使中油公司較過去實際歷史路徑增加845億的營收。然而,前述增加之營收仍低於中油公司於96年至100年間的潛在虧損(989億元,包含累計虧損361億元及盈餘公積彌補虧損628億元),意味此「低幅度反映」之油品價格調整方案很可能仍會使中油公司陷於虧損。
另外,若國內油價以100%的幅度反映國際指標原油價格之變動幅度,中油公司雖可獲得最高之營收,但國內油價波動卻也最劇烈,對於民生與物價之衝擊亦將較高。整體而言,現行油價調整機制反映80%國際指標原油價格之變動,在無政策性干預的情形下,除可使中油公司得以永續經營,對國內物價之衝擊亦相對於前述「完全反映」之方案來得緩和。
最後,本研究係由理論的角度為出發點,在油價調整機制具長期一致性的先決條件下進行模擬分析。換言之,在實務操作上如欲獲得相似之結果,必須在相同的假設條件下,亦即機制的執行必須是長期穩定而不受干擾的。反觀本研究模擬所利用之歷史資料期間,中油公司之油價調整機制卻呈現大部分時間受到人為干預,進而導致其調價結果與模擬結果大相逕庭。準此,在實務操作的可行性上,中油公司必須小心謹慎評估是否採納。
Taiwan is a highly energy import country. The total account of crude oil and petroleum products accounted more than 49% of energy demand. The fluctuation on international crude oil price not only affects domestic oil price, but also affects the economic development. Therefore, the adjustment mechanism of oil price is an important issue.
To make the domestic oil price reasonably reflect the real cost of imported crude oil, CPC began implementing the “floating oil mechanism” in September, 2006. CPC is a state-owned company which must be compatible with implementation of government policies to stabilize oil price fluctuations, such as gasoline and diesel fuel prices to slow down or freeze up measures. Slow down or freeze up price policies can inhibit oil price fluctuations, but they will cause the CPC huge operating losses. Therefore, the adoption of slow down or freeze up policies must have a detailed in-depth analysis and assessment.
This study combined economic theories and statistical methods to discuss the impact analysis among a variety of different price adjustment mechanisms, CPC’s revenue and fluctuation of oil price, using the data from January, 2007 to August, 2012. Try to find a reasonable adjustment path of domestic oil price.
The results showed that when using the frequent adjustment daily, reflecting the volatility of international crude oil prices at 60%, and combining oil price claw back mechanism will help to reduce the impact of oil price adjustment on domestic price, but may cause CPC a lot of operating loss.
If domestic oil price adopt 100% to reflect the volatility of international crude oil prices, CPC can obtain the highest operating revenue. Conversely the impact of people’s livelihood and domestic price will be more intense. Overall, in the absence of policy intervention, the current oil price adjustment mechanism reflects 80% change of international crude oil price. Not only can CPC be sustainable management, but the impact on domestic price can also moderate.[轉錄自摘要]
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